Done viewing results, go back to VoteFair's American Idol page

 

  

VoteFair Ranking Results calculated at  www.VoteFair.org 2007-February-12  18:57

Poll title:

     Favorite American Idol singers over five seasons    

Question (number 1) title:

     Order of preference for top American Idol singers    

The most preferred and most representative choice is:

    Clay Aiken

Overall popularity ranking:

     
Popularity Choice VoteFair
ranking
score		 Traditional
vote count
(for comparison)
First-most popular Clay Aiken Ranking score is 72 for Clay Aiken 1047 voters marked Clay Aiken as their first choice
Second-most popular Kelly Clarkson Ranking score is 56 for Kelly Clarkson 60 voters marked Kelly Clarkson as their first choice
Third-most popular Taylor Hicks Ranking score is 50 for Taylor Hicks 607 voters marked Taylor Hicks as their first choice
Fourth-most popular Carrie Underwood Ranking score is 42 for Carrie Underwood 27 voters marked Carrie Underwood as their first choice
Fifth-most popular Elliott Yamin Ranking score is 34 for Elliott Yamin 32 voters marked Elliott Yamin as their first choice
Sixth-most popular Chris Daughtry Ranking score is 27 for Chris Daughtry 103 voters marked Chris Daughtry as their first choice
Seventh-most popular Bo Bice Ranking score is 24 for Bo Bice 11 voters marked Bo Bice as their first choice
Eighth-most popular Ruben Studdard Ranking score is 15 for Ruben Studdard 0 voter marked Ruben Studdard as their first choice
Ninth-most popular Katharine McPhee Ranking score is 11 for Katharine McPhee 16 voters marked Katharine McPhee as their first choice
Tenth-most popular Constantine Maroulis Ranking score is 5 for Constantine Maroulis 53 voters marked Constantine Maroulis as their first choice
Eleventh-most popular Fantasia Barrino Ranking score is 0 for Fantasia Barrino 5 voters marked Fantasia Barrino as their first choice

VoteFair representation Ranking

  
First-most representative choice is: Clay Aiken
Second-most representative choice is: Taylor Hicks

Additional levels of representation were not calculated.
(There may be too many questions, too many choices for this question, or too many votes, or no further calculations were requested.)

VoteFair representation ranking results should be used when more than one choice is to be selected. Why? When there are 100 voters, 51 of them can choose the first winner, so the other 49 voters deserve extra influence in choosing the second winner (instead of letting the 51 voters also choose the second winner). When should representation results be used? When a second candidate is elected to a second equivalent seat in a state legislature, or when an organization pursues a simultaneous second activity in addition to the most popular activity.

Comparison of VoteFair Ranking with other voting methods

  
Voting method Winner
VoteFair Clay Aiken
Instant runoff Clay Aiken
Majority Clay Aiken

(38 ballots ignored because they rank more than one choice as the most-preferred choice. )
Plurality Clay Aiken

(38 ballots ignored because they rank more than one choice as the most-preferred choice. )
Condorcet Clay Aiken
Borda count Clay Aiken
(586 ballots ignored because they rank more than one choice at the same preference level. )

Details of plurality results

  
Choice Vote count Percentage
Clay Aiken 1,047 53 1047 voters marked Clay Aiken as their first choice
Taylor Hicks 607 31 607 voters marked Taylor Hicks as their first choice
Chris Daughtry 103 5 103 voters marked Chris Daughtry as their first choice
Kelly Clarkson 60 3 60 voters marked Kelly Clarkson as their first choice
Constantine Maroulis 53 3 53 voters marked Constantine Maroulis as their first choice
Elliott Yamin 32 2 32 voters marked Elliott Yamin as their first choice
Carrie Underwood 27 1 27 voters marked Carrie Underwood as their first choice
Katharine McPhee 16 1 16 voters marked Katharine McPhee as their first choice
Bo Bice 11 1 11 voters marked Bo Bice as their first choice
Fantasia Barrino 5 0 5 voters marked Fantasia Barrino as their first choice
Ruben Studdard 1 0 0 voter marked Ruben Studdard as their first choice
(38 ballots ignored in plurality counting because they rank more than one choice as the most-preferred choice. )

Notice that the choice with the most plurality votes is not necessarily the most popular. Similarly the choice with the fewest plurality votes is not necessarily the least popular.

Data and Calculation Summary
Number of votes: 2,000
The following tally table summarizes all the preferences of all the voters. The bold underlined numbers are the ones that apply to the winning sequence.
  
All possible pairs of choice names Number of votes with indicated preference
Prefer X over Y Equal preference Prefer Y over X
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Kelly Clarkson		 1,360
1,360 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Kelly Clarkson		 210
210 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken and Kelly Clarkson		 430
430 voters prefer Kelly Clarkson over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Taylor Hicks		 1,176
1,176 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Taylor Hicks		 59
59 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Taylor Hicks		 765
765 voters prefer Taylor Hicks over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Carrie Underwood		 1,394
1,394 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Carrie Underwood		 205
205 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Carrie Underwood		 401
401 voters prefer Carrie Underwood over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Elliott Yamin		 1,358
1,358 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Elliott Yamin		 188
188 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Elliott Yamin		 454
454 voters prefer Elliott Yamin over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Chris Daughtry		 1,405
1,405 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Chris Daughtry		 182
182 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Chris Daughtry		 413
413 voters prefer Chris Daughtry over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Bo Bice		 1,382
1,382 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Bo Bice		 192
192 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Bo Bice		 426
426 voters prefer Bo Bice over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,552
1,552 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Ruben Studdard		 217
217 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Ruben Studdard		 231
231 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,573
1,573 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Katharine McPhee		 201
201 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Katharine McPhee		 226
226 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,537
1,537 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Constantine Maroulis		 207
207 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Constantine Maroulis		 256
256 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Clay Aiken
X = Clay Aiken
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,574
1,574 voter prefer Clay Aiken over Fantasia Barrino		 218
218 voters have an equal preference for Clay Aiken over Fantasia Barrino		 208
208 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Clay Aiken
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Taylor Hicks		 956
956 voters prefer Kelly Clarkson over Taylor Hicks		 133
133 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Taylor Hicks		 911
911 voters prefer Taylor Hicks over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Carrie Underwood		 1,082
1,082 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Carrie Underwood		 285
285 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Carrie Underwood		 633
633 voters prefer Carrie Underwood over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Elliott Yamin		 1,129
1,129 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Elliott Yamin		 259
259 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Elliott Yamin		 612
612 voters prefer Elliott Yamin over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Chris Daughtry		 1,239
1,239 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Chris Daughtry		 252
252 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Chris Daughtry		 509
509 voters prefer Chris Daughtry over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Bo Bice		 1,183
1,183 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Bo Bice		 274
274 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Bo Bice		 543
543 voters prefer Bo Bice over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,345
1,345 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Ruben Studdard		 296
296 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Ruben Studdard		 359
359 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,390
1,390 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Katharine McPhee		 282
282 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Katharine McPhee		 328
328 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,391
1,391 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Constantine Maroulis		 276
276 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Constantine Maroulis		 333
333 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Kelly Clarkson
X = Kelly Clarkson
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,475
1,475 voter prefer Kelly Clarkson over Fantasia Barrino		 291
291 voters have an equal preference for Kelly Clarkson over Fantasia Barrino		 234
234 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Kelly Clarkson
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Carrie Underwood		 1,001
1,001 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Carrie Underwood		 152
152 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Carrie Underwood		 847
847 voters prefer Carrie Underwood over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Elliott Yamin		 1,164
1,164 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Elliott Yamin		 147
147 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Elliott Yamin		 689
689 voters prefer Elliott Yamin over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Chris Daughtry		 1,155
1,155 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Chris Daughtry		 144
144 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Chris Daughtry		 701
701 voters prefer Chris Daughtry over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Bo Bice		 1,206
1,206 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Bo Bice		 160
160 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Bo Bice		 634
634 voters prefer Bo Bice over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,304
1,304 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Ruben Studdard		 168
168 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Ruben Studdard		 528
528 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,214
1,214 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Katharine McPhee		 152
152 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee		 634
634 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,389
1,389 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Constantine Maroulis		 164
164 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Constantine Maroulis		 447
447 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Taylor Hicks
X = Taylor Hicks
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,534
1,534 voter prefer Taylor Hicks over Fantasia Barrino		 176
176 voters have an equal preference for Taylor Hicks and Fantasia Barrino		 290
290 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Taylor Hicks
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Elliott Yamin		 969
969 voters prefer Carrie Underwood over Elliott Yamin		 273
273 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood over Elliott Yamin		 758
758 voters prefer Elliott Yamin over Carrie Underwood
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Chris Daughtry		 1,082
1,082 voter prefer Carrie Underwood over Chris Daughtry		 278
278 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood over Chris Daughtry		 640
640 voters prefer Chris Daughtry over Carrie Underwood
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Bo Bice		 1,081
1,081 voter prefer Carrie Underwood over Bo Bice		 291
291 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood and Bo Bice		 628
628 voters prefer Bo Bice over Carrie Underwood
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,225
1,225 voter prefer Carrie Underwood over Ruben Studdard		 325
325 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood and Ruben Studdard		 450
450 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Carrie Underwood
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,275
1,275 voter prefer Carrie Underwood over Katharine McPhee		 315
315 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood over Katharine McPhee		 410
410 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Carrie Underwood
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,340
1,340 voter prefer Carrie Underwood over Constantine Maroulis		 305
305 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood and Constantine Maroulis		 355
355 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Carrie Underwood
X = Carrie Underwood
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,388
1,388 voter prefer Carrie Underwood over Fantasia Barrino		 326
326 voters have an equal preference for Carrie Underwood and Fantasia Barrino		 286
286 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Carrie Underwood
X = Elliott Yamin
Y = Chris Daughtry		 983
983 voters prefer Elliott Yamin over Chris Daughtry		 274
274 voters have an equal preference for Elliott Yamin and Chris Daughtry		 743
743 voters prefer Chris Daughtry over Elliott Yamin
X = Elliott Yamin
Y = Bo Bice		 968
968 voters prefer Elliott Yamin over Bo Bice		 283
283 voters have an equal preference for Elliott Yamin and Bo Bice		 749
749 voters prefer Bo Bice over Elliott Yamin
X = Elliott Yamin
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,153
1,153 voter prefer Elliott Yamin over Ruben Studdard		 299
299 voters have an equal preference for Elliott Yamin and Ruben Studdard		 548
548 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Elliott Yamin
X = Elliott Yamin
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,092
1,092 voter prefer Elliott Yamin over Katharine McPhee		 286
286 voters have an equal preference for Elliott Yamin over Katharine McPhee		 622
622 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Elliott Yamin
X = Elliott Yamin
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,291
1,291 voter prefer Elliott Yamin over Constantine Maroulis		 292
292 voters have an equal preference for Elliott Yamin and Constantine Maroulis		 417
417 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Elliott Yamin
X = Elliott Yamin
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,402
1,402 voter prefer Elliott Yamin over Fantasia Barrino		 301
301 voters have an equal preference for Elliott Yamin and Fantasia Barrino		 297
297 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Elliott Yamin
X = Chris Daughtry
Y = Bo Bice		 872
872 voters prefer Chris Daughtry over Bo Bice		 300
300 voters have an equal preference for Chris Daughtry and Bo Bice		 828
828 voters prefer Bo Bice over Chris Daughtry
X = Chris Daughtry
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,011
1,011 voter prefer Chris Daughtry over Ruben Studdard		 307
307 voters have an equal preference for Chris Daughtry and Ruben Studdard		 682
682 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Chris Daughtry
X = Chris Daughtry
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,026
1,026 voter prefer Chris Daughtry over Katharine McPhee		 302
302 voters have an equal preference for Chris Daughtry over Katharine McPhee		 672
672 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Chris Daughtry
X = Chris Daughtry
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,222
1,222 voter prefer Chris Daughtry over Constantine Maroulis		 306
306 voters have an equal preference for Chris Daughtry and Constantine Maroulis		 472
472 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Chris Daughtry
X = Chris Daughtry
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,288
1,288 voter prefer Chris Daughtry over Fantasia Barrino		 314
314 voters have an equal preference for Chris Daughtry and Fantasia Barrino		 398
398 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Chris Daughtry
X = Bo Bice
Y = Ruben Studdard		 1,087
1,087 voter prefer Bo Bice over Ruben Studdard		 324
324 voters have an equal preference for Bo Bice and Ruben Studdard		 589
589 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Bo Bice
X = Bo Bice
Y = Katharine McPhee		 1,004
1,004 voter prefer Bo Bice over Katharine McPhee		 299
299 voters have an equal preference for Bo Bice over Katharine McPhee		 697
697 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Bo Bice
X = Bo Bice
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,271
1,271 voter prefer Bo Bice over Constantine Maroulis		 323
323 voters have an equal preference for Bo Bice and Constantine Maroulis		 406
406 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Bo Bice
X = Bo Bice
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,351
1,351 voter prefer Bo Bice over Fantasia Barrino		 333
333 voters have an equal preference for Bo Bice and Fantasia Barrino		 316
316 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Bo Bice
X = Ruben Studdard
Y = Katharine McPhee		 825
825 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Katharine McPhee		 355
355 voters have an equal preference for Ruben Studdard over Katharine McPhee		 820
820 voters prefer Katharine McPhee over Ruben Studdard
X = Ruben Studdard
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 983
983 voters prefer Ruben Studdard over Constantine Maroulis		 351
351 voters have an equal preference for Ruben Studdard over Constantine Maroulis		 666
666 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Ruben Studdard
X = Ruben Studdard
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,161
1,161 voter prefer Ruben Studdard over Fantasia Barrino		 391
391 voters have an equal preference for Ruben Studdard over Fantasia Barrino		 448
448 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Ruben Studdard
X = Katharine McPhee
Y = Constantine Maroulis		 1,006
1,006 voter prefer Katharine McPhee over Constantine Maroulis		 339
339 voters have an equal preference for Katharine McPhee and Constantine Maroulis		 655
655 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Katharine McPhee
X = Katharine McPhee
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 1,095
1,095 voter prefer Katharine McPhee over Fantasia Barrino		 360
360 voters have an equal preference for Katharine McPhee and Fantasia Barrino		 545
545 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Katharine McPhee
X = Constantine Maroulis
Y = Fantasia Barrino		 980
980 voters prefer Constantine Maroulis over Fantasia Barrino		 370
370 voters have an equal preference for Constantine Maroulis and Fantasia Barrino		 650
650 voters prefer Fantasia Barrino over Constantine Maroulis
The highest score (which equals the sum of the bold underlined numbers, plus either tally number in any tied pair of choices) is: 66,899
Number of all possible valid sequences (without ties): 39,916,800
First sequence:
  1. Taylor Hicks
  2. Katharine McPhee
  3. Elliott Yamin
  4. Chris Daughtry
  5. Carrie Underwood
  6. Bo Bice
  7. Constantine Maroulis
  8. Fantasia Barrino
  9. Ruben Studdard
  10. Clay Aiken
  11. Kelly Clarkson
Last sequence:
  1. Kelly Clarkson
  2. Clay Aiken
  3. Ruben Studdard
  4. Fantasia Barrino
  5. Constantine Maroulis
  6. Bo Bice
  7. Carrie Underwood
  8. Chris Daughtry
  9. Elliott Yamin
  10. Katharine McPhee
  11. Taylor Hicks
© Copyright 2007 Solutions Through Innovation at www.VoteFair.org

Detailed ballot information
(The numbers indicate the choices
as listed in "First sequence" above,
a comma indicates the next lower preference level,
"&" joins choices at the same preference level,
and "x" precedes the vote count.)

  • 1&10&11,3,8,9,7,6,4,2,5 x1
  • 1&10,11,5,3,4,2,7,9,8,6 x1
  • 1&10,6,8,4,5,3,7,9,11,2 x1
  • 1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 x9
  • 1&3,5&7&11,6,4,2&8&9&10 x1
  • 1&4&5&6&8&10,2&7&9&11,3 x1
  • 1&5&10&11,3&6&9,4,2&7&8 x1
  • 1&5&11,4&6&9,3&7&10,2&8 x1
  • 1&5&8&10&11,2&6&9,3,4&7 x1
  • 1&5&9&11,4&6&8&10,3,2&7 x1
  • 1&5&9,3&6&8&10&11,4,2&7 x1
  • 1&6&9&11,4&5&10,3,2,7&8 x1
  • 1&7,2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10&11 x1
  • 1&8&9,2&3&4&5&6&7&10&11 x1
  • 1&8,3,2,5,7,6,10,9,11,4 x1
  • 1,10,11,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 x2
  • 1,10,11,2,7,8,3,6,4,5,9 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,2&4&5&6&7&8&9 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,4,6,5,7,2,9,8 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,4,6,5,7,9,8,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,4,6,5,9,2,7,8 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,5,6,4,9,8,2,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,5,6,7,8,9,4,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,5,9,6,4,2,7,8 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,8,9,5,6,4,2,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,3,8,9,6,4,5,2,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,4,3,2&5&6&7&8&9 x1
  • 1,10,11,4,3,2,5,6,8,7,9 x1
  • 1,10,11,4,3,6,9,5,8,7,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,4,3,8,6,9,5,2,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,4,3,9,8,6,7,2,5 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,3,4,2,6,9,8,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,3,6,4,8,7,9,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,3,6,7,8,9,4,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,3,7,8,4,6,9,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,3,8,9,6,4,2,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,4,3,6,2,8,7,9 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,9,3,6,2,7,4,8 x1
  • 1,10,11,5,9,4,3,6,7,8,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,6,3,5,8,4,2,9,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,6,3,9,2,4,5,7,8 x1
  • 1,10,11,6,8,3,5,4,9,2,7 x1
  • 1,10,11,7,6,5,3,9,8,4,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,8,3,2&4&5&6&7&9 x1
  • 1,10,11,8,3,4,5,6,7,9,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,8,3,4,6,2,9,7,5 x1
  • 1,10,11,8,4,3,5,6,2&7&9 x1
  • 1,10,11,8,7,2,3,4,6,5,9 x1
  • 1,10,11,8,7,6,9,5,3,4,2 x1
  • 1,10,11,9,3,5,8,7,6,4,2 x1
  • [Remaining ballots not listed]

© Copyright 2007 Solutions Through Innovation at www.VoteFair.org

Software version: 2007-Feb-11

The free VoteFair ranking service is subsidized by sales of Ending The Hidden Unfairness In U.S. Elections and The Creative Problem Solver's Toolbox, which were written by Richard Fobes, the inventor of VoteFair ranking and the programmer and writer for the VoteFair site. Cover of Ending The Hidden Unfairness In U.S. Elections Cover of The Creative Problem Solver's Toolbox

 

Done viewing results, go back to VoteFair's American Idol page

Top of Page

© Copyright 2007 Solutions Through Innovation at www.VoteFair.org (Email address, non-machine-readable to reduce spam)